PATHOLOGY

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Aims and Scope
The aim of the course is to enable the students to:
1) recognize and understand the histopathological lesions of various morbid conditions
2) know the mechanisms that cause various morbid conditions and, particularly, with regards to neoplasms, to evaluate the results for human health and to prevent any fatal development of various ones and
3) assist students in understanding the microscopic picture of various morbid conditions and especially those of malignant neoplasms.

The scope of this course is to acquire the knowledge of histopathological lesions of various morbid conditions which are created by the influence of various factors such as microbial, physical, chemical, etc.

Additionally to these morbid conditions are included and the neoplasms, as much the benign as the malignant ones, whereas is made a special reference to the most common types and foci of cancer.

The student after the end of the course will be:

• aware of histopathological lesions of various morbid conditions
• aware of the histopathology of the benign and malignant tumors
• able to recognize the basic pathological lesions of cells and tissues under the light microscope.

 

SYLLABUS

Theory
1. Generally about the cell, cell division-The basic tissues, epithelial, types and function of epithelium, connective tissue, connective tissue types, hematopoietic tissue cartilaginous, osseous tissue, functions of the connective tissue, muscular tissue, types of muscular tissue and function, nervous tissue, cellular components of the Central Nervous System, nerves. Basic knowledge.
2. Causes of the diseases, inflammation, types of inflammation, histopathology of inflammation, incidences and importance of inflammation.
3. Pathological lesions of the cells and tissues, regressive lesions, disorders of proliferation (multiplication), atrophy, types of atrophy, necrosis and cell death, types of necrosis, degeneration, types of degeneration.
4. Deposition of inorganic or organic substances, asbestosis, carbonization, silicosis, urolithiasis and cholelithiasis, pigments depositions, hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis, jaundice, types of jaundice.
5. Restoration of histopathological lesions, regeneration, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia, transplantation.
6. Characteristics of neoplasms, incidences of malignant neoplasias. Precancerous lesions, carcinogenesis. Classification, cancer staging (STAGE), morphological characters of malignancy (GRADE). Prognosis, survival. Primary and secondary prevention, high-risk groups.
7. The main malignant neoplasms of respiratory tract (cancer of nasopharynx, larynx, lung).
8. The main digestive malignant neoplasms (cancer of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, large intestine).
9. The main malignant neoplasms of the urinary system (kidney cancer, urinary bladder cancer) and of the male genital tract (seminoma, prostate cancer).
10. The main malignant neoplasms of the female genital tract (cervical cancer – endometrial, ovarian, including breast cancer).
11. Malignant neoplasms of the lymphoid tissue (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas).
12. Malignant neoplasms of endocrine glands (thyroid cancer), and skin (basal cell
carcinoma-squamous cell carcinoma-melanoma).
13. Malignant tumors of osseous tissue (giant cell tumor of bone, osteosarcoma). Management of malignant neoplasms and treatment.

 
Laboratory
The laboratory exercises take place in Histology-Histopathology Lab equipped with the necessary educational light microscopes and it is based on:
1. Demonstration in light microscope of the main histopathological lesions of inflammation, (acute, subacute and chronic inflammatory tissue’s reaction), and the basic specific chronic inflammations.
2. Demonstration in light microscope of the main histopathological lesions of the cells and tissues (necrosis, degeneration, atrophy).
3. Demonstration in light microscope of the deposition of inorganic or organic substances in the tissues, such as calcifications, cholelithiasis, hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis, histopathological lesions of the tissue recovery (hyperplasia, hypertrophy).
4. Demonstration in light microscope of the basic benign tumors (fibroadenoma, nevus, leiomyoma, cystadenoma, polyp, papilloma, adenoma, lipoma, neurinoma (Scwannoma), fibroma, hemangioma, etc.).
5. Demonstration in light microscope of major malignant neoplasms (cancer and sarcoma), as well as the metastatic pathway in surrounding tissues, lymph nodes and vessels.
6. Demonstration in light microscope of malignant tumors of the respiratory system.
7. Demonstration in f light microscope of malignant tumors of the digestive system.
8. Demonstration in light microscope of malignant tumors of the urinary system.
9. Demonstration in light microscope of malignant tumors of the male genital system.
10. Demonstration in light microscope of malignant tumors of the female genital system and breast.
11. Demonstration in light microscope of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue.
12. Demonstration in light microscope of benign and malignant tumors of the main endocrine glands-thyroid gland.
13. Demonstration in light microscope of malignant tumors of the skin and osseous tissue.