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LEARNING OUTCOMES
The purpose of this course is to :
introduce students to the concept of cells and tissues that are key components of any living organism, how conservation on the one hand the structure after death and other processing for macroscopic and microscopic examination.
After successful completion of this course the student will be able to:
1. Be aware of the concept of the cell and its components
2. Know the concept of cell differentiation and tissue
3. Be aware of the meaning and importance of post-mortem lesions and to prevented them
SYLLABUS
Theory
1. CELL. General Knowledge about the cell. Cell membrane-Microscopic and electron microscopic structure. Functions. CELL ORGANELLS. Description in light microscope and in electron microscope of the basic cell organelles. Functions and examples. Centriole. Cytoskeleton. Microfilaments-intermediate filaments-microtubules. Location.
2. CELL NUCLEUS-CHROMOSOMES. Description of cell nucleus components in non-dividing (resting phase) cell. Karyotype, Genotype, Phenotype, Sex determination.
3. CELL DIVISION. Mitosis. Detailed description of mitosis phases. Miosis. Detailed description of the phases of first and second meiosis division. Differences between mitosis and miosis. Cell cycle. Description of cell cycle phases. Types of cell populations. Static-stable-renewed cellular populations. Examples. Cell death. Apoptosis. Morphological stages of apoptosis. Differences of cell apoptosis and necrosis.
4. CELL TISSUES. A. ΕPITHELIAL TISSUE. Detailed description of the main characteristics and features of epithelial tissue. Types of epithelial junctions. Description of occluding, attachment or anchoring, communicating or gap junctions. Junctional complex. Description of specialized structures of cell surface. Microvilli-stereovilli-cilia-glucocalyx. Functions of epithelial tissue. Mucus producing cells-protein producing cells-steroid producing cells. Cells with «pump» ions. Examples.
5. CELL TISSUES. A. ΕPITHELIAL TISSUE. Α1. COVERING ΕPITHELIUM. Σypes of covering epithelium. Simple (squamous, cuboidal columnar, pseudostratified columnar ciliated) and stratified epithelium (squamous, cuboidal columnar, transitional). Examples and functions.
Α2. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM. Types of glands (exocrine, endocrine, mixed). Examples. Classification of exocrine glands according to a) the mode of secretion, b) the duct morphology (shape) and c) the morphology of the glands (secretory) part. Examples.
6. CELL TISSUES. Β. CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Analytical description of the basic characteristics of the connective tissue. Analytical description of the connective tissue cells, fibres and extracellular connective tissue matrix. Functions of connective tissue. Types of connective tissue. Examples.
7. CELL TISSUES. SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUES. B1. CARTILAGE. Analytical description of the basic characteristics of cartilaginous tissue. Function. Types of cartilage. Examples.
B2. BONE. Analytical description of the basic characteristics of osseous tissue. Gross and microscopic forms of osseous tissue (primary or reticular, secondary or lamellar bone). Endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Growth plate (metaphysic).
Osseous tissue remodeling. Differences of cartilaginous and osseous tissue.
8. SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUES. Β3. BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS. Analytical description of the microscopic structure of blood cell elements and correlation with their function. Types of white blood cells. Granulocytes. Description of the basic microscopic, morphological and functional characteristics of the granulocytes. Mononuclear phagocytic system.
9. CELL TISSUES. C. MUSCULAR TISSUE. Analytical description of the microscopic structure, morphology and function of the three types of muscular tissue.
C1. SKELETAL. Morphology, microscopic structure, functions.
C2. CARDIAC. Morphology, microscopic structure, functions.
C3. SMOOTH. Morphology, microscopic structure, functions. Infrastructure of muscular tissue (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium). Muscular tissue regeneration.
10. CELL TISSUES. D. NERVOUS TISSUE. Formation of nervous tissue. Detailed description of microscopic structure, basic characteristics and morphology of nerve cells (neurons). Types of neurons. General and special types. Microscopic structure of general and special type neurons. Location and function. Substratum cells in nervous tissue (origin, location, functions).
D1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (C.N.S). Cellular components of the Central Nervous System. (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia. Morphology and function. Types and characteristics of synapses.
D2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (P.N.S). Peripheral nerves (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium). Ganglia. Morphology and localization. Sensory receptors (types-localization and function).
11. IMMUNE SYSTEM-LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. Detailed description of the microscopic structure of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and the main organs of the immune system (bone marrow-lymph node-thymus-spleen).
12. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Detailed description of the microscopic structure of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, lymphatic vessels, capillaries) and correlation with their function. Differences between artery-vein, arterioles-venules. Description of heart tunica. (epicardium-myocardium-endocardium).
13. EMBRYOLOGY. Basic knowledge of embryology. Fetal implantation, grooving. Placenta. Chorionic villi (primary-secondary-tertiary). Placenta function. Developing fetus 1-4 week. Development of the embryo between the 2nd and the 10th (lunar) month Related stages of fetal malformations. Fetal development between 2nd and 10th month (lunar). Multiple pregnancy. Congenital malformations and their causes (teratogenesis).