LEARNING OUTCOMES
Aims and Scope
The purpose of the course is for students to understand the concept of pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the appearance of diseases in order to understand the causes, the substrate, and the expected symptoms of disease states.
After the end of the course students will be able to:
• To know the pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the various diseases in their genesis and symptomatology as well as their evolution
• Present and contribute to solving diagnostic and therapeutic problems with the cooperation of the medical staff.
SYLLABUS
Theory
1. General Principles-Basic Concepts: Learning the usual pathological changes of cells and tissues (retrograde changes, proliferation disorders, atrophy, forms of atrophy, necrosis and death, types of necrosis, degeneration and types thereof). Specific pathological conditions of tissues such as deposits of inorganic or organic substances, calcification, carbonization, silicosis, lithiasis, pigment deposits, hemoironization and hemochromatosis, jaundice, types of jaundice. Restoration of histopathological changes, tissue regeneration. Learning the basic characteristics of tissue hyperplasia, hypertrophy and metaplasia. Genetic Disease-Pathophysiology of selective genetic disorders.
2. Learning Pathophysiological mechanisms by systems: Disorders of immune mechanisms – Selective Pathophysiology in diseases of the immune system (eg primary immunosuppression diseases, enzyme deficiency diseases, AIDS, etc.). Hematological diseases (genetic, molecular, biochemical and physiological parameters of hematological function and principles of the pathophysiology of hematological disorders) Selective pathophysiology of hematological diseases (red, white and platelet disorders-eg iron deficiency and megaloblastic anemia, thalassemias, sickle cell anemia, leukopenia, thrombocythemia and, aplastic conditions, hypercoagulable disorders.
3. Infectious diseases-Inflammation: Causes of inflammation, types of inflammatory reactions, histopathology of inflammation, importance and effects of inflammation. Pathophysiology of selective infectious diseases (eg infectious endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, sepsis, shock, etc.). Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (acute and chronic) Selective pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, etc. Neoplasms (molecular, biochemical and pathophysiological basis of neoplasia)-Classification-Pathophysiology of selective diseases, e.g. colon cancer, breast cancer, hematological cancers, systemic neoplasms, cancers of the reproductive system in men and women).
4. Diseases of the nervous system: (pathophysiology of diseases of the upper and lower motor neuron, the cerebellum as well as somatosensory diseases but also diseases of vision and hearing-Selective pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, dementias Alzheimer’s etc.)
5. Skin diseases: (Selective pathophysiology of psoriasis, cutaneous lichen, erythema multiforme, pemphigus, vasculitis, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, erythema nodosum, acne as well as sarcoidosis and dermatomyositis).
6. Pulmonary diseases: (Selective Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary parenchyma (COPD), asthma, fibrosis, pulmonary and cardiac edema and embolism).
7. Cardiovascular diseases: (Selective pathophysiological mechanisms of the genesis and establishment of arrhythmias, left, right and total heart failure, aortic stenosis and insufficiency, mitral and tricuspid stenosis and insufficiency and related heart diseases. Coronary heart disease, pericardial disease and pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular disease and especially atherosclerosis, mechanisms of genesis of idiopathic and secondary hypertension and mechanisms of shock genesis. Pathophysiological hormonal parameters in heart disease).
8. Diseases of the adrenal medulla: (Pathophysiology of peripheral catecholamine secretion, pheochromocytomas. Diseases of the adrenal cortex Histology, cell biology, biochemistry and hormone production and secretion of the adrenal cortex. Selective pathophysiology of Cushing’s syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s), tachyomas (incidentalomas), primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism and hypoaldosteronism).
9. Renal diseases: (Selective Pathophysiology of acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, lithiasis and renal cancer).
10. Diseases of the gastrointestinal system and liver: (pathophysiology in diseases of the esophagus, stomach, biliary tract, small and large intestine – histology, cell biology, circulation and hepatocyte dysfunction, portal hypertension. Selective pathophysiology of esophageal achalasia, stomach ulcers and duodenum, gastroparesis, gallbladder diseases, diseases and inflammations of the small intestine, irritable bowel, diverticulitis. Selective pathophysiology of liver diseases, such as acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and its systemic complications and liver cancer.
11. Exocrine Pancreas: (Pathophysiological mechanisms of acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic insufficiency and cancer. Endocrine pancreas. Histology and cell biology of the endocrine pancreas. Hormonal regulation and hormonal disruption in endocrine diseases. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, as well as other pathological entities, such as insulinoma, glucagonoma and somatostatinoma). Pathophysiological mechanisms in diseases of parathyroid glands and calcium homeostasis: (histology of parathyroid glands, regulation of hormone secretion and disorders during disease. Pathophysiology of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, malignant hypercalcemia, medullary thyroid cancer, osteomalacia. Pathophysiology of the mechanisms of initiation and establishment of osteoporosis).
12. Diseases of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland: (Histology and cell biology, hormonal actions and clinical manifestations of disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Explanation of the peculiarities of pituitary embryology for a better understanding of the acquired and genetic component of the diseases. Selective pathophysiology of the types of pituitary adenomas, hypophysitis, obesity, diabetes mellitus and the syndrome of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Diseases of the thyroid gland (Histology, cell biology, normal and pathological thyroid secretion. Selective pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism, types of hyperthyroidism (especially Graves’ disease), hypothyroidism, thyroiditis (especially Hashimoto’s), goitre, nodules and neoplasms).
13. Diseases of the male and female reproductive system: (Histology, cellular biology and hormonal secretion of both systems. Selective pathophysiology of ovarian and cycle disorders, uterine diseases, pregnancy and lactation. Pathophysiological mechanisms of infertility in men and women, hyperplasia of prostate in the man, etc.).
Learning how to gather and manage information for communication with specialist medical staff in daily practice as well as in the research dimension.